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The basic unit of all living organisms
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
Cell wall and chloroplasts and permanent vacuole
Controls cell activities and contains genetic material
Site of aerobic respiration and releases energy
Site of photosynthesis in plant cells
Site of protein synthesis
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Movement of particles from high to low concentration
Movement of water through a partially permeable membrane
Movement of substances against concentration gradient using energy
Concentration gradient and temperature and surface area
A group of similar cells working together
A group of tissues working together
A group of organs working together
Cell and tissue and organ and organ system and organism
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
In chloroplasts in plant cells
Light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration and temperature
Use iodine solution which turns blue-black if starch is present
Process that releases energy from glucose
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Respiration without oxygen
Glucose → lactic acid + energy
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
Extra oxygen needed after exercise to remove lactic acid
System that transports substances around the body
Red blood cells and white blood cells and platelets and plasma
Transport oxygen around the body
Fight infection and disease
Help blood clot at wounds
Transports dissolved substances in blood
Four chambers with two atria and two ventricles
Carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
Carry blood back to the heart at low pressure
Allow exchange of substances between blood and tissues
System that breaks down food into smaller molecules
Physical breakdown of food by teeth and stomach churning
Breakdown of food by enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
About 37 degrees Celsius
They denature and lose their shape
Breaks down starch into sugars
Breaks down proteins into amino acids
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
In the liver
Neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats
Absorption of nutrients into the blood
Villi and microvilli and good blood supply
System that exchanges gases between body and environment
Nose/mouth → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Large surface area and thin walls and good blood supply
Breathing in air to the lungs
Breathing out air from the lungs
It flattens and moves down
System that coordinates responses to stimuli
A change in the environment
A reaction to a stimulus
Brain and spinal cord
All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
Automatic response to a stimulus
Receptor → sensory neuron → relay neuron → motor neuron → effector
Carry impulses from receptors to CNS
Carry impulses from CNS to effectors
Gap between two neurons
Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
Maintaining constant internal conditions
Process that counteracts changes to maintain steady state
By the hypothalamus in the brain
Sweating increases and blood vessels dilate
Shivering occurs and blood vessels constrict
By insulin and glucagon hormones
Lowers blood glucose by converting glucose to glycogen
Raises blood glucose by converting glycogen to glucose
Condition where pancreas cannot produce insulin
Regular insulin injections
Chemical messengers carried in the blood
In endocrine glands
Monthly cycle preparing female body for pregnancy
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Fusion of male and female gametes
In the fallopian tubes
A sex cell containing half the normal number of chromosomes
Sperm
Eggs or ova
Cell division producing two identical diploid cells
Cell division producing four genetically different haploid gametes
Chemical that carries genetic information
A section of DNA that codes for a characteristic
Different versions of the same gene
Structure containing DNA found in the nucleus
46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
Dominant alleles are expressed when present; recessive only when homozygous
The genetic makeup of an organism
The observable characteristics of an organism
Having two different alleles for a gene
Having two identical alleles for a gene
Differences between individuals
Sexual reproduction and mutations
Factors in the environment like diet and exercise
Change in inherited characteristics over time
Process where organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce
Features that help organisms survive in their environment
When all members of a species die out
The variety of living organisms in an ecosystem
All living and non-living factors in an environment
The place where an organism lives
All organisms of one species in a habitat
All organisms in a habitat
Transfer of energy between organisms
Organism that makes its own food by photosynthesis
Organism that eats producers
Organism that eats primary consumers
Organism that breaks down dead material
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