Master GCSE Geography with our interactive study cards designed for effective learning. These flashcards use proven spaced repetition techniques to help you memorize key concepts, definitions, and facts. Perfect for students, professionals, and lifelong learners seeking to improve knowledge retention and ace exams through active recall practice.
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Weather is day-to-day atmospheric conditions; climate is long-term average weather patterns over 30+ years
Greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun in Earth's atmosphere
Carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); water vapour (H2O)
The increase in Earth's average temperature due to human activities increasing greenhouse gases
Long-term changes in global weather patterns caused by global warming
The strengthening of the natural greenhouse effect due to human activities
Solar power and wind power
Coal and oil
Meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels
The permanent removal of forest cover for other land uses
Agriculture; logging; urban development
The process by which fertile land becomes desert
The continuous movement of water between oceans
Evaporation; condensation; precipitation; collection
The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
The boundary/ridge between two drainage basins
Where a river meets the sea or lake
The starting point of a river; usually in highlands
A smaller river or stream that flows into a main river
Upper course; middle course; lower course
V-shaped valleys and waterfalls
Floodplains and deltas
A bend or curve in a river
A U-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river
Heavy rainfall; snowmelt; dam failure; or deforestation
Dams and flood barriers
Floodplain zoning and afforestation
The wearing away of coastline by wave action
Hydraulic action; abrasion; attrition; solution
The movement of sediment along a coastline by wave action
A piece of land jutting out into the sea
A curved indentation in the coastline between two headlands
Caves
Beaches
A long narrow ridge of sand extending into the sea
Low-energy waves that deposit material and build up beaches
High-energy waves that erode coastlines
A large mass of ice moving slowly down a mountain valley
Snow accumulates and compresses into ice over many years
A valley carved out by glacier movement
A circular hollow carved by glacier erosion in mountains
A sharp mountain ridge between two corries
Rocky debris deposited at the furthest point of glacier advance
Thin
Thick
Large pieces of Earth's crust that move slowly
Convection currents in the mantle
Where plates move apart and new crust is formed
Where plates collide and crust is destroyed
Where plates slide past each other
Sea floor spreading creates new oceanic crust
When oceanic plate sinks beneath continental plate at destructive boundary
Sudden movement of tectonic plates along fault lines
Using the Richter scale
The point underground where earthquake starts
The point on Earth's surface directly above the focus
Magma rising through weakness in Earth's crust
Magma is molten rock underground; lava is magma on surface
Steep-sided volcano made of alternating layers of ash and lava
Wide
Area around Pacific Ocean with many volcanoes and earthquakes
The number of people living in a given area
Number of births per 1000 people per year
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
Birth rate minus death rate
The movement of people from one place to another
People moving into a country
People moving out of a country
Reasons that make people want to leave a place
Reasons that attract people to a place
The increase in proportion of people living in urban areas
A city with over 10 million people
Movement of people from countryside to cities
Rural-urban migration and natural increase
Informal settlements with poor quality housing
The spread of urban areas into surrounding countryside
The process of renovating urban areas attracting wealthier residents
Central Business District - the commercial heart of a city
Overcrowding
The process of improving living standards and economic growth
Gross Domestic Product - total value of goods and services produced
Gross National Income - GDP plus income from abroad
Human Development Index - measures life expectancy
The difference in wealth between developed and developing countries
Colonial history
Help given by developed countries to developing countries
The exchange of goods and services between countries
Trade that ensures fair prices and conditions for producers
Money owed by developing countries to developed countries
The gap between wealthy northern countries and poorer southern countries
Industry that makes products from raw materials
Industry that provides services rather than goods
Industry that extracts raw materials from the earth
Industry that processes raw materials into products
Industry that provides services to people and businesses
Industry involving research
The decline of manufacturing industry in a region
Where industries choose to locate their operations
Raw materials
The increasing connections between countries through trade and communication
Companies that operate in multiple countries
Moving business operations to other countries for lower costs
The amount of carbon dioxide produced by human activities
The distance food travels from producer to consumer
Farming without artificial chemicals or fertilizers
Farming that uses high inputs to maximize yields from small areas
Farming that uses low inputs over large areas
Farming to feed the farmer's family rather than for profit
Farming to sell products for profit
The increase in crop yields through new technology and methods
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